Acrochordon, also known as skin tag or fibroepithelial polyp is a small benign tumor. Acrochordons are harmless and typically painless, and do not grow or change over time.1

Actinic keratosis also known as solar keratosis is a premalignant condition of thick and crusty patches of the skin. It is associated with those who are frequently exposed to the sun. Untreated lesions have up to 20% risk of progression to squamous cell carcinoma.1,2,3,4

1. Foley P, Merlin K, Cumming S, Campbell J, Crouch R, Harrison S, Cahill J. A comparison of cryotherapy and imiquimod for treatment of actinic keratoses: lesion clearance, safety, and skin quality outcomes. J Drugs Dermatol. 2011 ;10:1432-8.

2. Hrvoje Cvitanović et al., “Skin Disease in a Geriatric Patients Group in Outpatient Dermatologic Clinic Karlovac, Croatia.,” Collegium Antropologicum 34 (April 2010): 247–251.

3. Wendy E Roberts, “Dermatologic Problems of Older Women.,” Dermatologic Clinics 24, no. 2 (April 2006): 271–80– viii.

4. Brodsky J. Management of benign skin lesions commonly affecting the face: actinic keratosis, seborrheic keratosis, and rosacea. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;17:315-20.

Cervical contact bleeding is bleeding which originates from the cervix. There are several potential causes for bleeding from the cervix, and women are usually encouraged to go to a gynaecologist for evaluation if they experience cervical bleeding. Cervical bleeding after copulation or another contact with the cervix is relatively common and may result from a wide range of non-cancer-related pathologies, such as cervical polyps, various metaplastic states1,2  ectopic/erosions3 and cervicitis.4

1. Michelle J. Khan and Karen K. Smith-McCune. Treatment of Cervical Precancers: Back to Basics. Obstet Gynecol. 2014 June ; 123(6): 1339–1343.

2. Mahira Jahic, Elmir Jahic, Mirsada Mulavdic, Azra Hadzimehmedovic. Difference Between Cryotherapy and Follow Up Low Grade Squamous Lesion of Cervix Uteri. MED ARCH. 2017 AUG; 71(4): 280-283

3. Mohanty KC, Rand RJ, Berry B. Cryotherapy in the management of cervical ectopy. Genitourin Med. 1985 Oct;61(5):335-7.

4. Ben-Haroush A, Yogev Y, Beckerman A, Levavi H, Kaplan B. A mobile aerolsol cryotherapy device (Histofreezer) for treatment of cervical contact bleeding: a pilot study. Jour Obs Gyn 2003; 23:177- 78.

Genital warts or Condyloma Acuminatum are the anogenital expression of HPV and is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases.1,2

1. Dyment PG. Human Papilloma-virus Infection. Adolesc Med. 1996; 7: 119-30.

Gingival Melanin Pigmentation (GMP), which is benign however a cosmetic concern, is a focal pigmentation of endogenous origin that occurs because of the excessive deposition of melanin. The color of the oral melanin pigmentation may vary from light to dark brown or black, depending on the amount and localization in the tissue.1

1. Arikan F, Gürkan A. Cryosurgical treatment of gingival melanin pigmentation with tetrafluoroethane. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007; 103:452-7.

Seborrheic keratosis (also known as Seborrheic verruca and Senile wart) is a wart-like noncancerous benign skin growth that originates in keratinocytes.1,2,3

1. Hrvoje Cvitanović et al., “Skin Disease in a Geriatric Patients Group in Outpatient Dermatologic Clinic Karlovac, Croatia.,” Collegium Antropologicum 34 (April 2010): 247–251.

2. Wendy E Roberts, “Dermatologic Problems of Older Women.,” Dermatologic Clinics 24, no. 2 (April 2006): 271–80– viii.

3. Brodsky J. Management of benign skin lesions commonly affecting the face: actinic keratosis, seborrheic keratosis, and rosacea. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;17:315-20.

Lentigo is a small pigmented spot on the skin with a clearly-defined edge, surrounded by normal- appearing skin. It is a benign hyperplasia of melanocytes which is linear in its spread. It is most commonly seen in older adults, particularly those who sunburn easily and fail to tan.1

1. Wendy E Roberts, “Dermatologic Problems of Older Women.,” Dermatologic Clinics 24, no. 2 (April 2006): 271–80– viii.

Another virus responsible for being skin lesion is Mollusca virus genus that produces a benign self-limited papular eruption of multiple umbilicated cutaneous tumours known as Molluscum contagiosum. This common viral disease is confined to the skin and mucosal membranes. Transmission requires direct contact with infected hosts or contaminated fomites. It is generally thought to infect humans exclusively, but there are a few isolated reports of Molluscum contagiosum occurring in animals. The infection is found worldwide and has a higher incidence in children, sexually active adults, and those who are immunodeficient.1,2

1. Hanson D, Diven DG. Molluscum Contagiosum. Dermatology Online Journal 2003; 9:2.

Warts and verrucas are caused by a viral infection of the skin with a special variant of human papillomavirus (HPV).

Patients may perceive warts and verrucas as socially unacceptable if they occur in particularly visible places such as face or hands. This may result in social isolation affecting the patient’s mental health.

Verrucas on the sole of the foot are pressed flat during the daily mobilisation and grow inwards. As the verruca pushes into the sole of the foot, its hyperkeratotic, rough surface may be a source of pain that restricts mobilisation.

A shared feature of warts and verrucas is that the virus is highly resistant and spreads through both direct and indirect contact, leaving a large proportion of the population and everyday objects as reservoirs of HPV infection. Although HPV persists in the skin after treatment of the actual wart or verruca, treatment can prevent the spread of the infection.

As the incubation period is 1-6 months, warts and verrucas on your hands and feet should therefore be treated immediately to break the infection chain and reduce infection of others. 1,2

1. Baker GE, Tyring SK. Therapeutic approaches to papillomavirus infections. Dermatol.Clin. 1997 Apr;15(2), pp. 331-340

2. Kazeminejad A, Ghahari MJ, Hajheydari Z. Treatment of Warts in Children With Focus on Recalcitrant Warts: A Narrative Review. Journal of Pediatrics Review. 2020; 8(4):237-246

Warts and verrucas are caused by a viral infection of the skin with a special variant of human papillomavirus (HPV).

Patients may perceive warts and verrucas as socially unacceptable if they occur in particularly visible places such as face or hands. This may result in social isolation affecting the patient’s mental health.

Verrucas on the sole of the foot are pressed flat during the daily mobilisation and grow inwards. As the verruca pushes into the sole of the foot, its hyperkeratotic, rough surface may be a source of pain that restricts mobilisation.

A shared feature of warts and verrucas is that the virus is highly resistant and spreads through both direct and indirect contact, leaving a large proportion of the population and everyday objects as reservoirs of HPV infection. Although HPV persists in the skin after treatment of the actual wart or verruca, treatment can prevent the spread of the infection.

As the incubation period is 1-6 months, warts and verrucas on your hands and feet should therefore be treated immediately to break the infection chain and reduce infection of others. 1,2

1. Baker GE, Tyring SK. Therapeutic approaches to papillomavirus infections. Dermatol.Clin. 1997 Apr;15(2), pp. 331-340

2. Kazeminejad A, Ghahari MJ, Hajheydari Z. Treatment of Warts in Children With Focus on Recalcitrant Warts: A Narrative Review. Journal of Pediatrics Review. 2020; 8(4):237-246

Warts and verrucas are caused by a viral infection of the skin with a special variant of human papillomavirus (HPV).

Patients may perceive warts and verrucas as socially unacceptable if they occur in particularly visible places such as face or hands. This may result in social isolation affecting the patient’s mental health.

Verrucas on the sole of the foot are pressed flat during the daily mobilisation and grow inwards. As the verruca pushes into the sole of the foot, its hyperkeratotic, rough surface may be a source of pain that restricts mobilisation.

A shared feature of warts and verrucas is that the virus is highly resistant and spreads through both direct and indirect contact, leaving a large proportion of the population and everyday objects as reservoirs of HPV infection. Although HPV persists in the skin after treatment of the actual wart or verruca, treatment can prevent the spread of the infection.

As the incubation period is 1-6 months, warts and verrucas on your hands and feet should therefore be treated immediately to break the infection chain and reduce infection of others. 1,2

1. Baker GE, Tyring SK. Therapeutic approaches to papillomavirus infections. Dermatol.Clin. 1997 Apr;15(2), pp. 331-340

2. Kazeminejad A, Ghahari MJ, Hajheydari Z. Treatment of Warts in Children With Focus on Recalcitrant Warts: A Narrative Review. Journal of Pediatrics Review. 2020; 8(4):237-246